What was your favorite topic this semester? Why?

My favorite topic this semester was the cardiovascular system. The reason is because of how important each heart valve is and how the heart works through certain activities. My least favorite was the lymphatic system. It really didn’t interest me as much as the other chapters. I think my biggest accomplishment in anatomy and physiology is that i was able to learn things about my body i never knew before.

Both the cell mediated and humoral immune system try to protect the body from any infections. Each foreign invaded to your body aka a pathogens has different types of resposes from either cell mediated or humoral immue system. Teh humoral immune system occurs whenever a B cell produces the anitbodies. This resposnse is the first response to any virus or pathogen. Any virus that passes this defense is then handled by the cell mediated system. The cell mediated immunity is activating T calls, macrophages, killer cells and releasing various cytokines. The T cells destroy pathogens by killing it inside of them. T cells remember every pathogen that enters your body so that if the pathogen comes back they can destroy it quicker.

Pellagra is a nutritional disorder caused by a deficiency of the B complex vitamin niacin or a lack of the amino acid tryptophan in the diet.  It can also occur if the body fails to absorb these nutrients. It may develop after gastrointestinal diseases or with alcoholism. According to Medline Plus, this nutritional disorder is common in patients addicted to alcohol and patients who live in parts of the world, including the southern United States, in which corn constitutes a main portion of the diet. Symptoms of pellagra include delusional thoughts and confusion, diarrhea, inflamed mucous membranes and scaly skin sores. The preferred treatment is to add foods rich in vitamin B3, such as milk, eggs, green vegetables and cereal, to the diet.

 

So I have became more away of strep throat. Strep throat is a highly contagious disease caused by the Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms that include sore throat, nausea, fever and chills generally appear between two and five days of exposure. The prognosis with antibiotic treatment is good. I think people over look strep throat thinking it  is just a sore throat but lack of antibiotic intervention can lead to complications such as rheumatic or scarlet fever, ear infection and kidney disease. There have been a recent increase in variety, severity and sequelae of Streptococcus pyogenes infections, and a resurgence of severe invasive infections, prompting descriptions of “flesh eating bacteria” in the news media. This has made me more aware of my surroundings making sure that whenever someone says their throat hurts i stay clear from them.

Asthma is caused by inflammation in the airways. When an asthma attack occurs, the muscles surrounding the airways become tight and the lining of the air passages swells. This reduces the amount of air that can pass by.In sensitive people, asthma symptoms can be triggered by breathing in allergy-causing substances (called allergens or triggers). Common asthma triggers include animals (pet hair or dander), dust, changes in weather (most often cold weather), chemicals in the air or in food, exercise, mold, pollen, respiratory infections, strong emotions (stress), tobacco smoke. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provoke asthma in some patients. Many people with asthma have a personal or family history of allergies, such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis) or eczema. Others have no history of allergies and is caused by the enviroment. So asthma can be both enviromental and gentetic.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001196/figure/A000141.B19346/?report=objectonly

So the action potential is done by the neuron and when it gets excited the membrane voltage slowly rises. Once it reaches 40 mV it goes down quickly. It reaches 40 m V in 1.33 millaseconds. Then when it drops it goes to -60 in  3.8 milaseconds. THen finally stays there  for the rest of the time. THe membrane current is scattered. The green line reaching 800 is the one that goes up the highest and that is K+. THe lowest is -800 which is  the red line Na+ and the blue line Cl- is in the middle of the red and green.
The cardiac potential is in the myocite and is normally slower. It reaches 20 mV at 41.5 ms, so it takes a lot more time., but it never gets to 40 mV like the action potential. It was finished being excited at 400 ms. The red line (Na+) for its membrane current stayed at 0 for most of the time. The green line (K+) is  at 400 while the blue line [Ca]++ is at -600.

 The first thing that  I learned was that everything leads to your brain eventually. Another thing i learned was where the liver, heart, humerus, and etc. all travel from the thoracic to get to you cranial.  Another is that nerve impulses travel to your brain via thoratic section from your spinal cord. Also nerve impulses  stimulate the frontal muscle to contract and makes you raise your eyebrow. Another thing i  learned was then when i was kicking a soccer ball my nerve impulses instruct this muscle to contract and straighten your leg. I think it is interesting how your nerves which are connected to your brain and what makes you move.