SAMTER"S TRIAD - INFORMATION TO KNOW

The disorder is caused by an anomaly in the arachidonic acid cascade, which causes undue production of leukotrienes, a series of chemicals involved in the body’s inflammatory response. When prostaglandin production is blocked by NSAIDS like aspirin, the cascade shunts entirely to leukotrienes, causing overproduction of LT-4 and producing the severe allergy-like effects.
There may be a relationship between aspirin-induced asthma and TBX21, PTGER2, and LTC4S.^[3]
In addition to aspirin, other vaso-dilators may induce the same reaction, such as alcohol.

Medication
The preferred treatment now is desensitization to aspirin, undertaken at a clinic specializing in such treatment. Patients who are desensitized then take a maintenance dose of aspirin daily; they have reduced need for supporting medications and fewer asthma and sinusitis symptoms than previously; many have an improved sense of smell.
Treatment formerly focused on relieving the symptoms. Even desensitized people may continue to use nasal steroids, inhaled steroids, and leukotriene antagonists.
Leukotriene antagonists and inhibitors (montelukast, zafirlukast, and zileuton) are helpful in treating Samter’s.
Some patients require oral steroids to alleviate asthma and congestion, and most patients will have recurring or chronic sinusitis due to the nasal inflammation. Desensitization reduces the chance of recurrence.

[edit] Surgery

Occasionally surgery may be required to remove polyps,^[4] although they typically recur, particularly if desensitization is not undertaken.

[edit] Diet

A diet low in omega-6 oils (precursors of arachidonic acid), and high in omega-3 oils, may also help.^{[citation needed]}
Some people find relief of symptoms by following a low-salicylate diet such as the Feingold diet. They may need to eliminate the other salicylate-containing foods identified by Swain in 1985 as well.^[5] For those who need them, these salicylates are listed in charts in the Feingold Handbook based on level of salicylate measured in the item. Unfortunately, any such list is only a rough guideline since amounts will vary depending on fruit/vegetable variety and where grown; in fact, organic foods have been shown to contain more salicylate than conventional produce because the plant is more likely to be under attack from pests, and salicylate is produced by the plant as protection

TLC-Asthma :An Integrated Information System for Patient-centered Monitoring,Case Management, and Point-of-Care Decision Support

 

 

TLC-Asthma: An Integrated Information System for Patient-centered Monitoring, Case Management, and Point-of-Care Decision Support

 

Abstract

A great deal of successful work has been done in the area of EMR development, implementation, and evaluation. Less work has been done in the area of automated systems for patients. Efforts to link data at multiple levels – the patient, the case manager, and the clinician have been rudimentary to-date.

In this paper we present a model information system that integrates patient health information across multiple domains to support the monitoring and care of children with persistent asthma. The system has been developed for use in a multi-specialty group practice and includes three primary components: 1) a patient-centered telephone-linked communication system; 2) a web-based alert reporting and nurse case-management system; and 3) EMR-based provider communication to support clinical decision making at the point-of-care.

The system offers a model for a new level of connectivity for health information that supports customized monitoring, IT-enabled nurse case-managers, and the delivery of longitudinal data to clinicians to support the care of children with persistent asthma.

Systems like the one described are well -suited, perhaps essential, technologies for the care of children and adults with chronic conditions such as asthma.

INTRODUCTION

The application of information technology to medical care involving patients as users has traditionally relied on stand-alone desktop computers in patient homes.1,2 More recently, advances in telecommunications technology have made it possible to link patients in their homes to computer networks via computer, telephone, and other devices3 – creating new opportunities for the application of information science to support the ambulatory care of patients and consumers. These new technologies are especially well-suited for the monitoring and care of chronic conditions such as asthma.

Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood and its prevalence has been increasing in the U.S.4 Despite the success of modern pharmacotherapy, asthma care in the U.S. is often sub-optimal. Anti-inflammatory drugs have been under-prescribed by clinicians and under-used by patients.5 Patient self-monitoring of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) using a peak flow meter (PFM) as recommended by the NAEP and others is frequently not done. In addition, asthma severity is often under-diagnosed due to a lack of information regarding symptoms of persistent disease outside the clinical encounter.

Efforts to improve the quality of asthma care have focused primarily on the areas of patient education and case management. However, these approaches are labor intensive and costly, and thus are practical only for the most severe patients with asthma. Furthermore, both approaches are often limited by the lack of information regarding asthma symptoms at home.

Computer-based telecommunication technology offers great potential as a cost-effective tool for 1) monitoring asthma symptoms and patient knowledge outside the clinical encounter; 2) providing enhanced education and case management when problems are identified; and 3) EMR-based provider communication to support clinical decision making at the point-of-care.

In this paper, we describe an integrated information system developed to link patients, case managers, and their primary clinician in an effort to improve the quality of asthma outcomes and care using: 1) a telephone linked patient communications system; 2) a Web-based alert reporting and nurse case management system; 3) transfer of patient reported information to primary care clinicians; and 4) use of EMR-based reporting for clinical decision making at the point-of-care. The system has been developed for use within a multi-specialty group practice in eastern-Massachusetts.

Our goals are to describe the design of the system, highlight some of the unique features and considerations of a computer-based telecommunication system for children, and offer a model for an integrated information system that combines patient-centered monitoring and education, Web-bas ed case management, and EMR-based reporting and decision support (Figure 1).

Figure 1

TLC Asthma System Architecture

 

PATIENT-CENTERED MONITORING AND EDUCATION

The TLC (Telephone-Linked Communications) system is a computer-based telecommunications system developed to be an at-home monitor, educator and counselor for patients with chronic health conditions.6,7 TLC carries out totally automated telephone conversations with patients. During TLC telephone conversations, the system speaks to patients using computer-controlled digitized human speech. The patients, in turn, communicate with TLC by pressing the keys on their telephone keypad or by speaking into the telephone receiver. During TLC conversations, TLC asks the patients questions to monitor their health conditions; it also provides education and behavioral counseling for targeted health-related behaviors such as medication taking, diet and exercise. After each conversation, TLC stores the information the user has communicated in a database.

Either the patient or TLC may initiate a conversation. Should the patient fail to call when expected, TLC will call the patient. In addition to questioning the patient, TLC provides education and behavioral reinforcement, such as counseling on how to take medications at prescribed times. TLC conversations were designed to emulate telephone conversations between patients and health professionals. A typical conversation lasts between three and five minutes, depending on the number and complexity of the topics addressed and the user’s responses.

The telephony system runs on a Windows NT computer using a D120x Intel/Dialogic board to interpret DTMF tones and play compressed voice files. The system was programmed in Visual Basic and Visual Voice platform. Automated faxing and reporting features are developed in Visual Basic and faxing is provided by FacSys Fax Server. Data is stored in an Oracle 9i database.

TLC-Asthma is designed for use by children between the ages of five and sixteen with mild -moderate persistent asthma and their parents. Educational materials and scripts have been prepared for four groups based on current grade in school (K-1, 2–3, 4–6, 7+) to provide material appropriate to the cognitive/developmental stages of children and the differing roles that parents play in disease management at these different ages. TLC-Asthma converses with both the patient (the child) and a responsible parent or guardian, in separate conversations. Both child and parent receive customized asthma education during TLC conversations. For example, in a particular TLC-Asthma conversation, education regarding environmental control is limited to a discussion of dust avoidance when addressed to the young child, but is deeper and broader when directed to the parent, including information on the life cycle requirements of dust mites (e.g., high humidity, skin scales, etc.) and information on how to obtain and use covering materials.

The content of TLC-Asthma conversations is based on the NAEP Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma,8 and educational material written for the NHLBI’s Childhood Asthma Management Project (CAMP), an on -going multi-center clinical trial of anti- inflammatory therapy. Content areas for monitoring and education have been developed and are addressed on multiple occasions during sequential cycles. The monitoring components include: severity-treatment mismatch, assessment of the use of a home peak- flow meter (PFM), symptom level, functional status, and knowledge and adherence to the prescribed medication regimen. The educational components include: 1) recognition of asthma symptoms, particularly those that might indicate an exacerbation; 2) potential triggers of asthma and steps that should be taken to mitigate them; 3) exacerbations and how to deal with them; 4) medication use; 5) pretreatment; and 6) appropriate use of the health care system including regular office visits and urgent care. TLC -Asthma educates by first assessing knowledge and then providing targeted education as r equired.

For all calls, the system inquires whether the child has had any changes in his asthma symptoms and if so, which symptoms changed and their frequency. If the child has had a change in symptoms, the conversation moves to a targeted inquiry of potential triggers of the worsening symptoms. For all calls, TLC-Asthma also inquires about functioning.

Finally, in each weekly conversation, TLC -Asthma asks several questions related to asthma knowledge. Each important piece of information is put in a form of a yes-no question. In response to the user’s answer, the system provides constructive educational feedback to help the user learn. The educational material is presented in order of its relative importance (e.g., medication use and actions to take for exacerbations are covered first).

At the end of each TLC-Asthma conversation, the system summarizes the most important points (take home messages) for the child, gives positive reinforcement for the child’s efforts in self -care, reassures the child about his/her health status, and reminds the child to call the next week.

Several age-appropriate sports and entertainment celebrities have volunteered to provide voice recordings to better engage children during the computer-based interviews.

A WEB -BASED NURSE ALERT REPORTI NG AND ASTHMA CASE MANAGEMENT TOOL

During TLC-Asthma interviews, the system monitors each conversation for potential clinical problems or issues and, when identified, generates a system alert. Alerts are grouped into one of two levels . The system is capable of generating alerts for a broad range of clinical problems. Level 1 alerts are generated for responses that require immediate attention. For example, when a child or parent reports significantly reduced peak flow monitor readings (less then 50% of predicted) and lack of response to reliever meds, a Level 1 alert is generated. The patient is told to seek medical care immediately. For all Level 1 alerts, a fax is immediately sent to a dedicated fax line and the TLC system then calls a 24-hour phone number to notify responsible clinical personnel. Level 2 alerts cover a wide range of items ranging from medication supply and compliance to knowledge of key asthma content. Level 2 alerts are sent to the TLC Alert Reporting and Documentation System to be reviewed by the TLC-Asthma nurse. Alerts are viewed in the TLC-Asthma Alert Log (Figure 2).

Figure 2

The TLC Alert Log

The TLC Alert Reporting system has been programmed in Java, and uses a replicated Web -accessible database. Nurses using the system are able to see all alerts from a given TLC-Asthma interview, group them, provide documentation of response, create and customize a summary note and flag the note for transfer to the patient’s EMR. The nurse can also use the software to view the patient’s “TLC-Record” which includes all responses to TLC-interviews, summaries of previous alerts and responses, and a view of the Summary Report described below.

TLC-ASTHMA NURSE ROLE

The TLC-Asthma nurse is in essence, an IT enabled nurse case manager. The role of this nurse has been adapted from asthma case management systems already in existence.9,10 There are, however, important differences in the role of TLC nurses. Nurse case managers traditionally educate the child and the parent about asthma and the role of both the child and the parent in the management of the child’s asthma at home. They monitor the child’s asthma by periodic telephone calls as well as through office visits.

The TLC-Asthma nurse provides basic asthma education at the beginning of the child and parent’s participation in the study. Subsequent asthma education will take place during TLC conversations. The TLC-Asthma nurse does not have the responsibility for making regular telephone and office contacts with the child and/or parent in order to monitor the status of the child’s asthma. This function is taken over by the TLC system. The presence of IT support, however, allows much closer monitoring of a child’s asthma and the early detection of items in need of attention. For example, the TLC-Asthma nurse will know that a patient has no controller medicine at home well before the next scheduled visit to a primary care clinician or periodic phone call. The TLC nurse is responsible for two responsibilities that are specific to the TLC system. First, the nurse will contact the child and/or parent if either does not use TLC on a regular basis. Second, the TLC-Asthma nurse will monitor the TLC-Asthma Alert Log and document alert responses.

INTEGRATING PATIENT-CENTERED INFORMATION, CASE MANAGEMENT, AND THE EMR

Primary care providers for each TLC-Asthma patient receive documentation of all alert responses by the TLC-Asthma nurse. These reports include detailed descriptions of each alert, followed by nursing documentation of case-management interventions performed. Reports are sent to each provider via the internal EMR (EpiCare,EPIC Software Systems, Inc.) messaging system. In addition, key data gathered during TLC-Asthma telephone i nterviews is transferred to the EMR nightly via secure file transfer. These data are used to build a “TLC Summary Report” (Figure 3). The purpose of this report is to support clinical decision making by the TLC-Asthma patient’s primary clinician. The report contains an updated asthma medication list and longitudinal data related to acute symptom frequency, reliever medication use, long-term symptoms and functioning, and objective asthma assessment measures. This report is updated nightly and available via the EMR at the time care is delivered by the primary care clinician. Clinicians are encouraged to review Summary Reports via in-service training, and prompts embedded in the text of every alert response note.

Figure 3

Sample TLC-Asthma Summary Report

 

CONCLUSIONS

A great deal of successful work has been done in the area of EMR development, implementation, and evaluation. Less work has been done in the area of automated systems for monitoring patients with chronic conditions and alert responsible clinicians when problems are detected. Efforts to link data at multiple levels – the patient, the case manager, and the clinician have been rudimentary to-date.

There is a tremendous need to provide effective, low-cost education and monitoring for the large numbers of children with persistent asthma who do not have severe disease, but who are persistently symptomatic. Equally important is the need for tools to more effectively support nurse case managers in their efforts to identify patients in need of their services.

The TLC-Asthma system offers a model for a new level of connectivity for health information and a new level of interactivity for patients. The system supports highly customized delivery of health information to monitor and support the needs of children at different developmental stages. The system is also closely linked to the case managers who, with computer-assistance, can better prioritize and customize care for the needs of individual children. Finally, the system is capable of monitoring multiple factors at a frequency that could not be performed in most settings.

The TLC-Asthma system is currently being evaluated in a randomized clinical trial of 300 children with persistent asthma. A cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted at the completion of the study. If found to be effective, and affordable, systems like the one described in this paper will be well-suited, perhaps essential, technologies for the care of children and adults with chronic conditions such as asthma.

Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

REPORT AND INFORMATION : SMOKE AND CHILD HEALTH

Health Effects Of Secondhand Smoke On Children

source : american for non smokers rights

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Provided by
DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO

SAVE CHILDRENS FROM SMOKE
Working together make a smoke-free homes and smoke-free zones for all children
Yudhasmara Foundation
JL TAMAN BENDUNGAN ASAHAN 5 JAKARTA PUSAT, JAKARTA INDONESIA 10210
PHONE : (021) 70081995 – 5703646
email : cfc2006@hotmail.com, judarwanto@gmail.com
www.savechildfromsmokers.blogspot.com/

The 2006 U.S. Surgeon General’s Report, “The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Secondhand Smoke,” has concluded that there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke and that, on average, children are exposed to more secondhand smoke than adults.1 Children are significantly affected by secondhand smoke. Children’s bodies are still developing, and exposure to the poisons in secondhand smoke puts them at risk of severe respiratory diseases and can hinder the growth of their lungs. Secondhand smoke is a known cause of low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, middle ear infection, and other diseases. The health effects of secondhand smoke exposure from conception through childhood can last a lifetime.

• 
  Low Birth Weight
  Secondhand smoke is a known preventable cause of low birth weight, which contributes to infant mortality and health complications into adulthood. Secondhand smoke exposure reduces the birth weight of infants of nonsmoking mothers and contributes to additional reductions in birth weight among babies of smoking mothers.2


• 
  Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
  Maternal smoking is the strongest risk factor leading to SIDS.3
  Secondhand smoke is a risk factor contributing to SIDS. Infants who die from SIDS tend to have higher concentrations of nicotine in their lungs than do control children, regardless of whether smoking is reported.4


• 
  Cognitive Impairments
  Secondhand smoke exposure impairs a child’s ability to learn. It is neurotoxic even at extremely low levels. More than 21.9 million children are estimated to be at risk of reading deficits because of secondhand smoke. Higher levels of exposure to secondhand smoke are also associated with greater deficits in math and visuospatial reasoning.5
  Maternal prenatal smoking contributes to the development of antisocial behavior and attention-deficit hyperactive disorder symptoms in the mother’s offspring.6


• 
  Respiratory Problems
  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reported that secondhand smoke exposure increases the risk of lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. The EPA estimates that between 150,000 and 300,000 annual cases of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children up to 18 months of age are attributable to secondhand smoke exposure. Of these cases, between 7,500 and 15,000 result in hospitalization.7
  Infants with mothers who smoke are 50 percent more likely to be hospitalized with a respiratory infection during their first year when compared to infants with nonsmoking mothers. Infants whose mothers smoke in the same room have a 56 percent higher risk of being hospitalized compared to infants whose mothers smoke in a separate room. There is a 73 percent higher risk if mothers smoke while holding their infants and a 95 percent higher risk if mothers smoke while feeding their infants.8


• 
  Asthma
  Asthma attacks are perhaps the most well-known health effect of secondhand smoke exposure among children. Secondhand smoke exposure increases the frequency of episodes and the severity of symptoms in asthmatic children. The EPA estimates that 200,000 to 1,000,000 asthmatic children have their condition worsened by exposure to secondhand smoke.9
  Exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with increased asthma severity and worsened lung function in children with asthma.10
  Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with increased respiratory-related school absenteeism among children, especially those with asthma.11
  Maternal and grandmaternal smoking may increase the risk of childhood asthma. Relative to children of never-smokers, children whose mothers smoked throughout the pregnancy have an elevated risk of asthma in the first five years of life. Children whose mothers quit smoking prior to the pregnancy show no increased risk.12


• 
  Repercussions on Adult Health
  Not only does in utero and childhood secondhand smoke exposure cause decreased lung function and asthma in children, but such exposure is also responsible for poor lung function and respiratory disease in adults. Men who report postnatal secondhand smoke exposure and women who report prenatal exposure are more likely to have respiratory problems as adults.13,14

Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure raises adolescents’ risk of metabolic syndrome – a disorder associated with excessive belly fat that increases one’s chances of heart disease, stroke, and type II diabetes.15
The level of secondhand smoke a child is exposed to is directly proportional to the likelihood of the child becoming a smoker as an adolescent or an adult.16

REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006.


2. Dejmek, J.; Solansky, I.; Podrazilova, K.; Sram, R., “The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth,” Environmental Health Perspectives 110(6): 601-606, June 2002.


3. Woodward, A. and Laugesen M., “How many deaths are caused by secondhand cigarette smoke?” Tobacco Control, 10: 383 – 388, December 2001.


4. McMartin, K.I.; Platt, M.S.; Hackman, R.; Klein, J.; Smialek, J.E.; Vigorito, R.; Koren, G., “Lung tissue concentrations of nicotine in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS),” Journal of Pediatrics 140(2): 205-209, February 2002.


5. Yolton, K. et al., “Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Cognitive Abilities of U.S. Children and Adolescents,” Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(1): 98-103.


6. Button, T.M.M.; Thapar, A.; and McGuffin, P., “Relationship between antisocial behavior, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal prenatal smoking,” British Journal of Psychiatry (2005), 187, 155-160.


7. [n.a.], “Fact Sheet: Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 2004.


8. Blizzard, L.; Ponsonby, A.; Dwyer, T.; Venn, A.; Cochrane, J.A., “Parental smoking and infant respiratory infection: how important is not smoking in the same room with the baby?” American Journal of Public Health 93(3): 482-488, March 2003.
   [n.a.], “Fact Sheet: Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking,” Environmental Protection Agency, April 2004.


9. Mannino, D.M.; Homa, D.M.; Redd, S.C., “Involuntary smoking and asthma severity in children: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,” CHEST 122(2): 409-415, August 2002.


10. Gilliland, F.D.; Berhane, K.; Islam, T.; Wenten, M.; Rappaport,E.; Avol, E.; Gauderman, W.J.; McConnell, R.; Peters, J.M., “Environmental tobacco smoke and absenteeism related to respiratory illness in schoolchildren,” American Journal of Epidemiology 157(1): 861-869, May 15, 2003.


11. Yu-Fhen, Li. et al., “Maternal and Grandmaternal Smoking Pattern Are Associated With Early Childhood Asthma,” Chest, 127(4): 1232, 2005.


12. Svanes, C.; Omenaas, E.; Jarvis, D.; Chinn, S.; Gulsvik, A.; Burney, P., “Parental smoking in childhood and adult obstructive lung disease: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey,” Thorax 59(4): 295-302, April 1, 2004.


13. Skorge, T.D., et. al., “The Adult Incidence of Asthma and Respiratory Symptoms by Passive Smoking In Utero or in Childhood,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 172, pp. 61-66, April 2005. Abstract available at http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/172/1/61?etoc. Accessed on July 27, 2005.


14. Weitzman, M., et. al, “Tobacco Smoke Exposure Is Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents,” Circulation 2005, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.520650. Abstract available at http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.520650v1. Downloaded on August 3, 2005.


15. Becklake, M.R.,; Ghezzo, H.; Ernst, P., “Childhood predictors of smoking in adolescence: a follow-up study of Montreal schoolchildren,” CMAJ 173(4): 377-379, August 16, 2005. Available at http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/173/4/377.
    Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights

South Carolina Asthma Information | South Carolina Asthma Alliance

What is asthma?

Asthma is a chronic respiratory illness that affects millions of Americans of all ages. Although there is no cure for asthma, it can be controlled through medications and environmental management.

Do you have a question about asthma? Email one of certified asthma educators and see your question answered on our blog!

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The South Carolina Asthma Alliance is a partnership of local and state government agencies, academic institutions, nonprofit organizations, health insurers and medical professionals working together to address asthma.

The alliance is actively looking to increase membership and make a difference in people living with asthma.

Learn more about the SCAA and how you can help.

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